Binary numbers are a base 2 numeral system.

A binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system, which uses only two symbols: 0 and 1. Each digit is referred to as a bit. Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used by almost all modern computers and computer-based devices.

Conversion

Break down the binary value in chunks of 4, multiply each 1 by its equivalent value, either 8, 4, 2 or 1. Add the resulting numbers together to get the result. For example, the value 1100, or (8*1 + 4*1), is equal to C(decimal 12).

Binary Arithmetic

In the first column, divide the first number by 2 by removing the last bit, until 1 is reached. In the second column, multiply by 2 by adding an extra bit of 0. The answer is found by adding the numbers in the second column with odd numbers in the first column. A binary number ending with 1 is odd.

This example multiplies 35 by 19, to arrive at a result of 665. The result 1010011001 can be deconstucted as:

10 1001 1001 = 1 + 8 + 16 + 128 + 512 = 665

Multiplication

Binary numbers can be multiplied and divided by multiples of 2, by rotating one bit left to multiply by 2, or one bit right to divide by 2.

Logic

AND, or "both", sets individual bits to 0. AND is useful for masking bits, for example, to mask the high order bits of a value AND with $0F: $36 AND $0F = $06. ORA(OR), or "either one or both", sets individual bits to 1. OR is useful for setting a particular bit, for example, $80 OR $08 = $88. EOR(XOR), or "one or the other but not both", inverts individual bits.

Toggling Bits

To activate the 1st, 2nd and 4th bits:

unsigned char num = 0;
num |= (1 << 0);
num |= (1 << 1);
num |= (1 << 3);

To deactivate the 1st, 4th and 6th bits:

unsigned char num = 255;
num &= ~(1 << 0);
num &= ~(1 << 3);
num &= ~(1 << 5);

To read value of bit:

(num >> bit) & 1;

Signed Integers

If Bit 7 is not set (as in the first example) the representation of signed and unsigned numbers is the same. However, when Bit 7 is set, the number is always negative. For this reason Bit 7 is sometimes called the sign bit.

Fixed Point

A fixed-point number is a number that has a fixed number of digits after the decimal point. If, for example, we use 8 bits to store a number with decimal points, we could decide to store it this way. The high and low nibbles have the same resolution.

Conversion

To turn a regular integer into fixed point, shift left by the number of fractional bits(width << bits), and to turn a fixed point into integer, shift right by the number of fractional bits(width >> bits).

Multiplication

To multiply, you do the multiply, and then you shift right by the number of fractional bits.

(3.8 * 2.0) >> 8

Division

To divide, you first shift the numerator left by the number of fractional bits, then you do the division.

(3.8 << 8) / 2.0